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Urban transportation planning has become a matter of urgency in small cities and, in particular, the need to develop planning models for Tikrit city has become pressing. Questionnaire forms and household interviews were used among families in the city, with 22% asked to complete a full interview, 68% offered paper questionnaires to be retrieved on completion, and the rest contacted electronically due to the restrictions of the COVID-19 pandemic. The data from the 4,150 questionnaires collected showed that the characteristics of the community are compatible with those found in other studies and official statistics, with the community of Tikrit being youthful society, with an average of 88.3% of residents not exceeding 60 years of age. After statistical checks were performed on the obtained data, trip generation models were developed using various methods of cross-classification to match vehicle ownership with both income and family size. Using the developed models, the total number of trips by purpose across four sectors were extracted. A comparison of the results across models showed significant difference between the methods, suggesting that the family size variable should be adopted for such modelling as an easily obtainable and relevant variable. © 2023 AIP Publishing LLC.
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While vaccination is generally considered efficient in protecting against transmissible diseases, the compliance is not complete in many countries. In this study, we investigate how an individual-specific factor - family size - affects the probability of getting vaccinated against COVID-19. To answer this research question, we focus on individuals above 50 years of age, who are at a higher risk of developing severe symptoms. The analysis uses the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe Corona wave, conducted in the summer of 2021. To identify the effect of family size on vaccination, we exploit an exogenous variation in the probability of having more than two children, due to the sex composition of two firstborns. We document that a larger family size increases the probability of receiving the COVID-19 vaccine among older individuals. This impact is economically and statistically significant. We propose several potential mechanisms behind this result and document that family size can be related to the higher probability of being exposed to the disease. This effect can be by knowing someone who tested positive for COVID-19 or had symptoms similar to it, and by network size and frequency of contact with children, before the outbreak of COVID-19.
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Food insecurity and poor health is turning out to be one of the biggest global issues especially during the pandemic period. Food value chains of developing countries has drastically affected and linked with the problem of food insecurity and malnutrition during covid-19. Keeping in view the importance of this key issue, the present study aimed to investigate the impact of covid-19 on food and nutritional (macro and micro nutrition) status by using the calories and nutrition intake method in the rural and urban areas of district Faisalabad. Food security index was used to estimate the absolute food security status and Logistic Regression Model was employed to examine the effect of covid 19 on food security. Primary data set of almost 500 households were collected from the rural and urban areas. The results show that calories and macronutrient's security status was better in the urban areas while the situation of micro nutrients was better in rural areas. It was found that nearly 49 percent households in rural areas and 43 percent households in urban areas were food and nutrition secure during covid-19. The impact of covid-19 was evident in urban areas especially in low-income households and people who earn daily wages. The regression analysis showed that prevalence of disease, education, household income, family size, number daily intake meals, age of household head and land size have shown significant effects on the food and nutrition security status in both rural and urban areas.Copyright © 2022 Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering. All rights reserved.
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Objectives: This study investigates dietary supplement intakes by examining the characteristics of dietary and health-related behaviors. Data were obtained from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Dietary and health-related behaviors were also examined before and after the occurrence of COVID-19 and household types (multi-members vs. single person). Methods: Data used in this study were collected from the 2019-2020 KNHANES by including adults aged 19 to 64 years. Pregnant, lactating, and subjects consuming calories less than 500 and more than 5,000 were excluded. Differences in dietary and health-related behaviors before and after COVID-19, and between the two types of households were analyzed by Chi-square analyses using Rao-Scott. Logistic regression analyses were applied to determine which dietary and health-related behaviors affected the dietary supplement intakes. In addition, descriptive analysis was run for demographic characteristics. Results: The dietary supplement intake rate differed significantly with respect to the gender, age, education, marital status, and household income. Dietary supplement intakes, frequency of eating out, obesity, and body weight changes were significantly different before and after COVID-19. In addition, meal evaluation, frequency of eating out, drinking, smoking, activity, subjective health evaluation, and body weight changes showed significant differences by household type. Attitude towards nutrition, activity, meal evaluation, obesity, and smoking were factors that affected the intake of dietary supplements. Conclusions: While increased intake of dietary supplements is a prevalent phenomenon, this intake needs to be monitored and studied closely, considering the sociodemographic characteristics and dietary and health-related behaviors. Furthermore, the dietary supplement intake trend after COVID-19 needs to be studied along with food intake.
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This study aimed to identify the psychological and social effects of distance education from the viewpoints of students' guardians in Jordan. The study sample comprised 1206 guardians, of whom 71% have completed their undergraduate studies or a higher level. Furthermore, 62% of participants aged more than 35 years. Results also indicated that 34% of participants have children studying in primary education, 21.9% have children studying in primary and secondary education, and 13.4% have children studying in all levels of education. The researchers developed the 'psychological and social effects of distance education' scale. After being measured, the scale was electronically sent to the study sample. Findings showed that the psychological and social effects of distance education on guardians were significant. Moreover, students' level of social activity was moderate, they have become less active, and their use of social media sites has increased. In addition, results indicated that the psychological and social impact significantly differs in terms of parents' level of education. Results also showed that the psychological and social effects of distance education on students' guardians do not differ in terms of the number of schoolchildren. Instead, all guardians, with any number of schoolchildren, were negatively affected.
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This study was conducted among the Maldhari community to understand the sustainability of migratory pastoralism during Covid-19. Bhuj and Lakpat Talukas of Kachchh district, Gujarat were selected to study the effect of profile variables on the annual income and net income of the families. The study revealed that family size and taluka were the significant factors influencing total income whereas taluka was the only significant factor influencing net income. Due to reduced sale of milk resulting from Covid-19, most of the milk was converted into khoa and the income generated from its sale was the major source of income for the migratory families. Cow dung fetched a minimal price which served as major source of their livelihood with no input cost. The value addition with better marketing facilities can significantly enhance the income of the pastoralists in the Kachchh district. Copyright © 2022 Indian Council of Agricultural Research. All rights reserved.
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Background and Aim: The objective of this study was to determine the seroepidemiological history of SARS-CoV-2 infection among asymptomatic children in Tehran. Materials and Methods: Blood samples of children younger than 14 years old were collected during the period autumn-winter 2020 and spring 2021 and tested for SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody using the EUROIMMUN ELISA kit. In addition, questionnaires were used to collect demographic and infection status information in the participants. Data were analyzed using the SPSS software.
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Food security is a fundamental aspect of the development of individuals, households and societies. However, it is a multidimensional concept among which the employment position determines the financial resources that a person, family or household has to face food insecurity.
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Background: As a result of the COVID-19 epidemic, many people's lives and livelihoods are at risk. All aspects of everyday life, including education, have been affected by the epidemic. Objective: As a result, we performed this cross-sectional study to learn more about how students from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa feel about COVID-19. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study in which respondents completed an online, self-administered form to get the information. Six questions deal with socio-demographics, fourteen ask about knowledge, seven ask about attitude, and eight ask about practice. Raosoft's sample size calculator was used to calculate the final sample size. Results: Five thousand participants, comprising 2250 (45%) men and 2,750 (55%) women from all across the nation, completed this poll. Analysis of the data was done using a chi-square test. Almost all of the students 4750 (95 percent) were aware that COVID-19 is caused by a virus and that it is a respiratory illness 4600 (92 percent). During the lockout, many students continued to see their family members 2,750 (55 percent), and their family members continued to visit them at home 2950 (59 percent). The students' answers to particular questions concerning the spread of the virus differed greatly. Although (p 0.01), women had more awareness about how to avoid illness transmission from patients who had been infected with the virus. Conclusion: In the wake of the COVID-19 epidemic, the vast majorities of college students were well-prepared, had a positive outlook, and were actively practicing their knowledge and skills. Aside from demographics and gender, the KAP scores also vary by family size. During times of crisis, it's critical to keep the public informed about the need to practice preventive practices.
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Background: The socio-health emergency caused by COVID-19 may have a significant psychological impact on the population. For this reason, it is necessary to identify especially vulnerable social groups and protective factors that may reduce this impact, which was the objective of this study.
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Objectives: The present study aims to assess depression disorder among recovered nurses from COVID-19 in Babylon Governorate Hospitals and to find out the relationship between depression disorder and demographic characteristics, which include age, gender, marital status, type of family size, education level, and years of experience in a health setting. Methods: A descriptive correlation design used in the present research established that for a period from October 10th, 2021 to March 20th, 2022. The study used a probability (convenient) samples of 143 nurses who recovered from COVID-19 and were drawn from wards of educational and non-educational hospitals. The instruments of the research are adopted and modified for the purpose of this research. Results: The current study showed that less than three-quarters (102, or 71.3%) of those aged (19-29) years of age of age, and more than two-thirds (94, or 65.7%) were female. Regarding marital status, more than half of the sample of 81 (56.6%) were single, and concerning family size, less than two thirds of 89 (62.2%) were small less than six individuals. In relation to educational level, more than a fifth (58, or 40.6%) were diplomas in nursing. It also revealed that about two thirds (93, or 65%) had had (1-5) years of experience in a health setting. Conclusions: Moderate depressive disorder was more prevalent in recovered nurses from the age group (19-29), specifically females, and they had served in health institutions for 1-5 years. Recommendations: Researchers must invest more in studies to measure a larger population to generalize the results. The Department of Continuing Medical Education must provide psychological support for recovered nurses from COVID-19, especially female nurses. Increased efforts should be made to hold epidemiological training courses on how to deal with transmissible viruses, as well as to understand their dangers and modes of transmission.
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Introduction: Globally anemia is one of the most important health problems. Adolescents are young people between the ages of 10 to 19 years. Anemia in adolescence may cause a wide range of functional consequences across the life course, including reduced resistance to infection, impaired physical performance and neurodevelopment, and suboptimal schooling outcomes. Aims and objectives: To estimate the prevalence of anemia, to determine the morphological types and patterns of anemia and to assess the etiological factors for different types of anemia among adolescent age group of Eastern India. Materials and methods: It is a retrospective observational study conducted in the department of Hematology at a tertiary care center in Bihar with a sample size of 200 cases. All patients belonging to adolescent age group (10-19 years) having sign and symptoms of anemia were chosen for study whereas children less than 10 years, patients on hematinic and Covid and viral positive cases were excluded. Clinical and demographic data along with hematological findings were retrieved from medical records and data were analysed by SPSS version 25. Results: 55% (n=110) patients were males while 45% (n=90) were females. Amongst males, 31.9% (n=23) were anemic in early adolescent age group and 39.4% (n=15) were anemic in age group 15-19years. While in females, 48.8% (n=21) were anemic in early adolescents and 78.7% (n=37) were anemic in late adolescent age group. Overall prevalence of anaemia among the study subjects was found to be 40.9 %. The prevalence of mild and moderate anaemia was almost similar, each comprising of 39.1% and 39 % respectively whereas 3.1% cases had severe anaemia. Conclusion: The prevalence of anemia amongst adolescents was a moderate public health problem. Factors associated with anemia were low socioeconomic status, rural background, larger family size, poor dietary habits and personal hygiene.
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According to the FAO (2021), slightly less than 6 litres of wine is consumed per capita. (2016) confirmed, based on the North Macedonian National Strategy for Viticulture and Wine production, that the wine market in the country has two consumer groups: middle-aged who have lower purchasing power and consume larger quantities of cheaper wine and younger to middle-aged with higher purchasing power who prefer smaller quantities of high-quality wine. [...]the research was conducted among students of Banja Luka University. (2017) stated that of all the factors analyzed in relation to consumers' behavior and preference, the dominant factors identified are demographic factors-age, region, family size and place of living, social factorseducation and income, and behavioral factors-price importance, place of purchase and product characteristics.
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Indian population depends on agriculture for their livelihood and they face many problems like flood, drought but COVID-19 was new challenge to the farmers. It created many problems like non availability of labour, equipments, transport facilities, storage facilities, marketing and many more. The study was conducted in Dharwad district of Karnataka during 2020 for 60 farm women from two villages of Hubli taluk by simple random method. The results revealed that 55 per cent of the farm women were in the age group of 31-50 years with medium sized family. Around 88.00 per cent knew COVID-19/Corona is a viral disease and cent per cent of the respondents knew that cough and fever were the sympots of Carona and should stay at home and not to go for work also. Three fourth of the farm women (78.33) expressed that they used to consume hot water. Indigenous practices like turmeric in hot water and ginger tea are the regular practice of the people and regularly they wash all vegetables and fruits before consumption. Eighty per cent said they are aware of only few things to develop immunity against Covid-19. Efforts by different departments should be made to create awareness regarding farming families health and other problems.
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Background: Household overcrowding is associated with increased risk of infectious diseases across contexts and countries. Limited data exist linking household overcrowding and risk of COVID-19. We used data collected from the Virus Watch cohort to examine the association between overcrowded households and SARS-CoV-2.
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OBJECTIVE: The current study was aimed at exploring Italian parents' perceived negative and positive changes in family life during the COVID-19 pandemic, taking into account the role of the stage of the family life and family size. BACKGROUND: During the emergency of the COVID-19 pandemic, millions of families drastically changed their daily life and routines. Little evidence exists on how family characteristics, such as family size or presence of children, are related to families' experience of family change. METHOD: A large sample of 1,407 Italian parents (70.1% mothers) filled in an anonymous online survey during the third week of the lockdown period (between March 30 and April 7, 2020). RESULTS: Results showed that parents reported perceiving more positive changes than negative ones, especially in terms of feeling more emotionally close to their children and spending more fun time with them. Interestingly, parents with two or more children reported more positive changes in family life compared with parents who had one child, showing a greater relational regenerative capacity in the face of COVID-19 lockdown. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS: Investing in family relationships, especially for larger families, is an effective coping strategy to deal with traumatic situations and promote positive family changes in stressful situations.
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BACKGROUND: The recent outbreak of COVID-19 has impacted adversely upon the mental health of millions of people worldwide. Impacts on the mental health conditions and the associated predictors relating to adults in Pakistan, the fifth most populous country in the world, during the COVID-19 remain understudied. Our aim was to investigate distress, anxiety, and overall mental health and their associated predictors among Pakistani adults in this pandemic. We specifically examine mental health issues based on the distance from the epicenter, (a predictor that has revealed opposing evidence in other countries) based on the theories of typhoon eye effect and ripple effect. The sample consisted of 601 adults who were surveyed online about 2.5 months into the outbreak across Pakistan with varying distances from the epicenter of COVID-19 of Karachi. RESULTS: The results showed that 9.2 and 19.0% of the participants surpassed the cut-off criteria for distress and anxiety disorders, respectively. Overall, the distance from the epicenter positively predicted the mental health of adults in Pakistan, and family size negatively moderated this effect. The distance from the epicenter negatively predicted distress and anxiety disorders for adults in large families, which are quite common in Pakistan. CONCLUSION: The evidence of the study interestingly finds that the prediction of the mental health of people by their distance from the epicenter depends on family size. The evidence of this study can help to provide initial indicators for mental health care providers to screen vulnerable groups in Pakistan, a populous country that continues struggling to cope with the COVID-19 pandemic.